The relationship between Historical Sociology (HS) and International Relations (IR) is one of the relatively new fields of study, which has attracted the attention of researchers and activists of both fields during the last few decades. In other words, the impact of the international environment on internal developments is the basis for the emergence of this field of study with general titles such as International Historical Sociology (IHS) or Historical Sociology of International Relations (HSIR) during the first years or decade of the current century. The theoretical research on the book “Global Historical Sociology” (GHS), raises the question of whether it is possible to know global Historical sociology as a conjuncture point between the mentioned fields of study. The authors of the book criticized this tenet as a transdisciplinary branch that includes three areas: World Sociology, Historical Sociology, and World History. The studies carried out show that ambiguity in the possibility of methodological integration of the fields of sociology and history on the one hand and neglecting the position of the state in global transformations or its overlapping with the newly emerging field of Global Studies causes the current deficiencies in the content and methodological coherence of the book. However, the mentioned attitude can be more carefully considered and developed in the future. In this article, it will be tried to express the strengths and weaknesses of this work with a critical view.

This research article examines legal discrimination against children born out of wedlock in Iran. Despite laws promoting equality, societal attitudes influenced by beliefs continue to result in discrimination. The study explores the reconciliation of religious beliefs with legal frameworks and the changes made to the Iranian legal system in response to positive human rights developments. The Article seeks to bridge the research gaps by comparing the experiences of Iranian children with those in other countries affected by Islamic law. The study employs library sources and descriptive and Historical research methods to examine the legal status of children born outside of marriage, both nationally and internationally, and the discrimination they face. The Article is structured into four distinct sections: an analysis of Islamic Law, a review of the Iranian legal system, an assessment of Iran's compliance with international conventions, and a discourse on the necessity of substantial positive change. The Article ultimately recommends the eradication of discrimination through heightened awareness and the advancement of inclusivity for all children, irrespective of their lineage. In summary, this research Article aims to shed light on legal challenges faced by children born outside of marriage in Iran, with the goal of promoting positive changes in their treatment.

Due to the importance of Tabriz in various Historical periods after the Mongol’s invasion to the end of the Qajar period, as continuously being the capital city or the residence city of the prince, entrance to this city has been reflected in various reports. Most of the foreigners who entered Iran from European countries came from Caucasus Road to Tabriz and reported many buildings on their way. Moreover, this road was one of the most significant roadways for Caravans on the Silk Road, where various residential buildings have been constructed. Alaki caravansarai is one of the most important roadside accommodations in Northwest Iran, and so many reports about it and the quality of its façade decorations can be traced in the travelogues of foreigners who traveled to Iran. Its vastitude and elegant entrance gate nevertheless, this building has unfortunately been neglected and was about to be ruined in the 19th century and afterward. However, the beauty of its entrance gate has gained the attention of many people and has been reported in many sources. Based on the ornaments used, recent sources in the history of architecture have estimated its date to the 12th century and Ilkhanid Abū Saʿīd Bahādor Khan and the Timurid period. These sources based their estimation only on the type of ornaments used on its entrance gate and its probable that the existence of dated artworks of the Ilkhanid period nearby, such as the Mihrab of Marand’s Jame Mosque, has influenced this speculation. This article aims to meticulously study this building in various travelogues, al-Wqafīyya al-Rashīdīyya, and other sources in the history of architecture and discusses the ornament types used and their history. The detailed study of the documents and sources indicated that this building could belong to the presidency period of Ḵᵛāja Rašid-al-Din Fażl-Allāh, and based on his emphasis to establish this building, can be dated 1297-1309. The ornaments, moreover, indicate the transient period from brickwork to tilework which happened in the late 13th and early 14th centuries

Historical Novel, a literary form of the 19th century Euroupe, was first born when Sir Waiter Scott wrote his Novel entitled "Waverley" and with the help of some prominent authors such as Hugo and Duma quickly developed, achiveved its highest degree of perfection and attracted the attention of many readers of the century. This new literary form, which was first innovated in England and especially in France due to the political, social and cultural requirements of the period before Nappoleon, quickly found its way into Persian language and culture through translated works. As soon as political, social and cultural conditions rather similar to those in France were provided in Iran, the Iranian authors also started to write Historical Novels by imitating famous writers like Alexander Duma, Victor Hugo and Georgee Zeidan, and in the first few decades after the Constitutional Revolution they worte tens of Historical Novels in Persian language. In this paper we have tried to explore: 1- The role of translation in the genesis of Historical Novel. 2- Why in this period, Iranians have paid so much attention to the culture and literature of France more than any other country in the world. 3- The factors causing Iranians to be so much interested in the works of Duma and Gerorgee Zeidan and the translation of theses works 4- The standards the translators considered in selecting the works to be translated. 5- The functional role of early translated works in the formation and development of contemporary litrary and cultural processes, especially in the development of Persian prose. In conclusion, by analysing the above mentioned points and establishing the role of translation in the formation of modern literary processes, it is argued that the genesis of Historical Novel in Iran (as one of the most prevailing literary forms in the period between the early years of Constitutional Revolution and the decades before it) has been under the influence of the element of translation more than any other factor, and like other literary forms it has been a function of translation.

In deed Alternate history has imaged different side of past events and is entering the results of this difference to the real world and these results will continue till future. In simple word, Alternate history is the interpretation of Historical ifs and buts with the thoughts about the different results of these ifs and buts. Alternate history, change more basic points of history and make a perfectly different interpretation in present. Sometime these interpretations are based on truth, but most of the time they are based on the historian's guess. This point of view, is a practice for noticing to the past analyzing the result of ifs the events and answering to the question of ifs and buts of some main Historical events which has differently occurred It is a way for a new or maybe more healing interpretation of Historical events' results. Indeed, The Alternate history' s followers raise incredible variety of such questions and these questions expand in Historical Novels or short stories or monograph writings. this viewpoint to history can be the origin of different writing about Historical events. This research has investigated some subjects: 1. what is Alternate history? 2. with which names Alternate history is presented? 3. Which subjects are affirmed by Alternate history? 4. What is similarity and difference of Alternate history and other new histories like future history and time travel.

Mohammad Bagher Khosrawi (1338 AH) is one of the most prominent writers in the field of Historical stories. Shams and Toghra's Novel is his most important work, the events of which are related to the period of the Mongol rule. The author addresses the issue of love and the strict Moghal laws on marriage. In this work, the story of love is a completely reasonable and logical flow, with solidity and loyalty, with all the wishes and desires of a lover that eventually leads to marriage, and contradictions and dichotomies are transformed into a alchemy of love for unity. Considering the importance of the Historical Novels in this article, the structure of the Historical romantic story of Shams and Toghra has been discussed in a descriptive-analytical way. The results of the research show that the development of characters, strong cause and effect relationships between events, environment, scene, diverse conversations and the current situation, the types of conflicts and the use of most of the elements of the story have made Shams and Toghra as a very coherent set of work in narrating the story.

Today, fiction is one of the most important literary genres. Fiction may also be classified in the short story, the Novel, tale, fable, legend, etc. Among these subclasses the Novel has a specific position. In the 19th cent the European and Arabic Novels flourished a lot and the great Novelists created outstanding Novels. George Zeidan, the great Christian and Arab author, historian, and journalist, is one of these massive figures. He wrote many Islamic Historical Novels. In this way he created the first Arabic Historical Novels.In this article, it has been tried to survey his Historical Novels from the artistic and technical points of view. His Novel, the "Heroine of Karbala" has been selected as a sample for this research.

Najib Kilian a contemporary Egyptian writer, used history in his works to highlight the brilliant patterns of Arabic civilization and draw the efforts of the ancients to defend religion and create unprecedented glory. Sometimes his goal is to call for the history of contemporary events that made people disappointed, and through the revival of will and the emphasis on great efforts, he flames the hope of the lives of contemporary generations. The use of history in Kilani Novels, however, is the expression of the great Islamic achievements and the ability of Islam to convert a Muslim human, which many Kilian Novels of this type Works. Among these Islamic Novels of his is “ Hamzahe’ s Assassin” Novel. It is a Historical Novel that narrates the reflection of prophetic life through Vahshi bin Harb, the Ethiopian slave, from the beginning of Badr war till Vahshi’ s death in 25th AH. And this article studies the recalling of Historical-religious heritage in this Novel by using descriptive-analytic method. Among the article results are that writer’ s contemporary thoughts and contemporary human especially searching for freedom and sense of loneliness and the deterioration of the path of compromise with colonists is well presented in this Novel.

Introduction: Postmodernism should be considered as a dramatic and revolutionary development that took place in the second half of the twentieth century in Europe and was influenced by the prevailing political and social conditions. It entered the world of humanities, arts and literature and had a significant impact on writers. This influence on the Western literature led to the formation of many literary works known as postmodern literature, of which the share of Novel was very significant. The postmodern critique also found its way into the world of literature and art. Meta-fiction can be considered as one of the most important features of postmodern literature, so much so that it has even been called a new postmodern achievement in the field of literature. The Novel Sane’ al-Zalam by Tamer Ibrahim, contemporary Egyptian Novelist, is one of the postmodern Novels written in the horror genre. By using postmodern elements and the historiographical metanarrative method, he has been able to present to the reader a work that is predominantly existential. Also, by entering the history and mixing it with the story, the Novelist has broken the boundaries between the story and the history. Thus, by examining the Novel, the present research aims to answer the questions a) What are the most important postmodernist components of the Novel Sane’ al-Zalam? , and b) What characteristics have caused the meta-Historical aspect of this work to prevail over its other postmodern components? Methodology: One of the most important features of postmodern literature is its meta-fictional aspect. This style of writing is known as metanarrative because the authors of metanarratives, unlike the writers of previous stories, not only show the real storytelling process but also try to make the reader familiar with the unreality of the story by playing with traditional storytelling techniques. The main difference between meta-fiction and earlier storytelling methods lies in how the narrator deals with the elements of storytelling. The Novel Sane’ al-Zalam by the contemporary Egyptian Novelist Tamer Ibrahim is considered able to use elements of postmodernism, especially the narrative style of Historical metafiction, which creates the events of the Novel. He created a new world in the contemporary Novel by mixing fantasy and reality in the context of the events as well as history and horror. The current research aims to analyze the components of postmodernism and the special narrative approach of the Novel Sane’ al-Zalam based on the theory of Historical metafiction in a descriptive-analytical manner. Results and discussion: The most important features of Sane’ al-Zalam are as follows: a) In the non-fiction style of storytelling, the author tries to figure out the events of the story in such a way that the reader does not doubt the reality of those events. In other words, the author hides his presence in the story. However, in postmodern literature and the meta-fiction writing style, explicitly stating that the author is at the heart of the work is one of the earliest meta-fiction tricks. In his Novel, Tamer Ibrahim repeatedly enters the text of the story and talks to the reader and introduces him to the next events of the story, thus emphasizing the fakeness of his story. b) The author is present in the story and has conversations with the reader, which is the main difference between postmodern stories and the way the story was written before. In previous Novels, the author would do his best to hide behind the characters of the story and thus assure the reader that the story is real. c) The passing of time and the collapse of Historical time is visible in all the chapters of the story. Yusuf, who is the main character of the story, appears in different times. He is present in the time of the Phoenicians, the prehistoric era, in Hungary during the Elizabethan period, and during the Ottoman wars with Europe. d) The author of the metafiction allows himself to interfere with the Historical events and present a different interpretation of them than what the history has stated. By placing real and fictional Historical characters together in the text of his Novel, Tamer Ebrahim has challenged the objectivity of history. Conclusion: The results of this research show that the Novel Sane’ al-Zalam uses components such as the presence of the author in the text, mixing fiction with reality in history, Historical time intervals, introducing Historical characters into the Novel and seeking to change their nature, function and uncertainty. The Novel can be considered a completely post-modern Novel, and Tamer Ibrahim has challenged time and Historical boundaries in his work with this narrative style

According to Seymour Chatman, who is a contemporary theorist and critic, Character is so pivotal that it plays a key role in linking the other elements of the story to the formation of the narrative and engaging the audience's mind with being adapted to different situations, unraveling, and adventure. This is a view, which is against the views of formalists and those who follow structuralism. In his view, it is the personality that creates the action and the situation and not the other way around. In this case, there is no difference between classic and new stories. The present analytical research of the Historical Novel Amineh based on Chatman's theory indicates that other narrative elements such as objects, place and time, actions, etc. reach the narrative form and logic based on his presence and the dimensions of his behavior (mental discourse and semantic world) make the story justifiable and believable. This active characterization of Iranian women in the 12th century goes beyond the socio-political behavior of many men. This is due to the fact that, this lady is thinking of war with foreign enemies such as Afghans and, furthermore, she is associated with various influential personalities in the history and destiny of the country, such as Karim Khan, Nader, Agham Mohammad Khan, and so on. She engages in diplomacy with foreigners, as well as in business, thought, and the creation of an intellectual mindset that revives national and social rights.